Food †Taste Essay

College students do not have much time to make their own meals on a regular basis because they are busy with work and school. In lieu of home cooked meals, fast food is the number one choice that comes to mind. Fast food is quick, taste pretty delicious, and is inexpensive for the average college student. In many cases, there is a wider variety of fast food places in radius of the school campus to choose from. Even college students can always find what they are searching for in reasonable situations. When there is not enough time to go to the supermarket and buy the essential groceries needed to make a home cooked meal, there is always the quickest solution of going to a fast food place. Here, an employee will make what is desired with little to no wait. Any college student can run in, order what they want, and be back out with their food in hand and still be able to do everything on their agenda without being rushed. Drive through is also always available to those who do not want to enter the facility and for those who own a vehicle. What is even better about fast food is the fact that many places allow to put in a future order. Then there would be no wait for the food that was ordered. No one wants to eat food that does not appeal to their taste buds. Not even the college students whose diet consists of junk food. Students want something that taste delicious when they are eating it. Luckily, there is almost every kind of fast food joint that will appeal to one person or another. Fast food tastes extremely good because it is food that is not usually eaten on a day to day schedule. The taste of fast food will make any student fulfilled with it’s appetizing selections. Money, no matter what day and age, will always be a concern and with the option of buying fast food, it does not have to be a worry. Fast food is not at all expensive to the everyday college student. For seven dollars, a student can have a sandwich, a side, and unlimited fountain drinks. Many facilities have a â€Å"value† or â€Å"dollar† menu where food can be bought for even cheaper than what is seen on the regular, full-priced menu. If seven dollars were to be an issue, a student could get two hamburgers and a small drink for three dollars plus tax. They would still get unlimited refills plus an extra three dollars and change in their pocket. With the money left over, they could go the next day and buy the same thing as the day prior. Whether it is french fries or a side salad, fast food places give the average student such a wide variety to choose from.

Pandora Case Analysis Essay

Abstract Pandora provides personalized Internet radio stations to its customers. Pandora provides this customized radio free of charge to its users. In combination with other business models, Pandora has successfully implemented the freemium business model in which 99% of its users receive a free service and 1% of the users pay for premium services. This business model is not appropriate for every type of business but can be profitable for some types of businesses with a planned implementation process and a clear understanding of customer values. Analyzing the success of Pandora provides information on the necessary requirements in order for business to earn a profit using the freemium business model. Pandora Case Analysis Pandora offers an Internet radio service, which tailors the music played, based on user preference. Pandora began as a free service to its consumers, while they found a way to earn a profit. Pandora utilized several different business models before implementing the freemium model. The freemium business model provides free services to 99% of the customers and expects 1% of the customers to pay a fee for premium services (Laudon & Traver, 2011). This business model can be very effective and profitable for certain types of business when managed correctly. Analyzing Pandora’s successful use of the model provides insight on which conditions need to be present in order for the freemium business model to be effective and profitable. The freemium business model is appropriate to use when the product or service is widely available and there are low variable costs in providing the product or service to each customer. It is also important that the business takes into consideration the timing of implementation and understands their customer’s values. History of Pandora The foundation of Pandora began with the creation of the Music Genome Project in 2000 and the service officially launched in 2005 (Westegren, 2009). Pandora’s founder Tim Westegren set out to create an on-line radio  station that categorizes music based on 400 different attributes such as melody, rhythm, instrumentation and harmony (Westegren, 2009). In order to accomplish this task, Westegren hired musical analysts who listened to music and created a database which links songs together based on similarity of those attributes (Shelly, 2009). This database provides the foundation for users to log into Pandora and enter an artist or a song that they want to hear. The search is a â€Å"seed† and the database creates a station based on the features of the song entered on the search. The station contains artists and songs that are similar to the search, but does not actually play the exact song or artist entered (Shelly, 2009). Pandora is interactive as users provide feedb ack to the database by giving a song thumbs up, thumbs down, or skip the song entirely (Shelly, 2009). The more the user listens to Pandora, the better the system understands their preferences (Shelly, 2009). In other words, by frequently interacting with the database, users receive a more customized radio station. Pandora Business Models Pandora continues to explore different revenue building business models in order to maximize monetization. These models include monthly subscription fees, advertising, contracting with on-line retailers and the freemium business model. When Pandora launched in 2005, their first business model was to provide 10 hours of free music and then require users to pay a monthly fee of $36. Pandora found that users listened to their 10 hours of free music, but were not willing to pay the monthly subscription fee (Laudon & Traver, 2011). When this subscription model failed to produce a profit, Pandora modified the model and provided 40 hours of free music for a month and after those hours were used, customers could either pay $.99 per song, sign up for the premium service, or do neither of these and not hear any more music (Laudon & Traver, 2011). Even with this modification, Pandora struggled to earn a profit. Pandora continued to improve their business model by adding advertisements to the site and radio stations. At the time, Pandora had almost 100,000 users; so many companies were willing to pay for advertisements on the site (Laudon & Traver, 2011). While the advertisements helped Pandora financially, it was still not enough to make a profit. Pandora then started  contracting with Amazon and other on-line retailers and included an option for users to purchase songs. Users can click the â€Å"buy† button, which redirects them to the retailer’s website. Pandora receives a fee for providing business to the retailer (Laudon & Traver, 2011). In addition, Pandora began contracting with Apple allowing users to listen to music on their iPhones (Laudon & Traver, 2011). The current model of Pandora combines advertising, contracts with retailers and the freemium business model. It is common for established businesses to earn a smaller percentage of its revenue from the premium model (Hung, 2010); therefore combining multiple revenue models maximizes monetization. Pandora continues to earn revenue from businesses paying to advertise on the site and through contracts with Amazon and Apple when users purchase music. Pandora implemented the freemium model in which 99% of users receive the service free and 1% of users pay for additional services. Approximately 1% of Pandora users pay $36 per year for premium services, which includes no advertisements and higher quality content (Laudon & Traver, 2011). As Pandora is a popularly used site, that 1% amounts to approximately 500,000 customers paying $36 per year which equates to almost 17 million dollars in revenue. Business Requirements Pandora’s effective use of the freemium business model provides insight on which conditions need to be present in order for the freemium model to be successful including the type of business, timing of implementation, and understanding customer values. The freemium business model is not appropriate for all types of businesses. It is most effective when the business provides a product or service that is widely available, has a customer base of over one million, and the variable cost of providing the free product or service must be low or close to zero (Laudon, & Traver, 2011). Pandora meets both requirements of having a large customer base and low variable costs. Currently, Pandora has approximately 47 million users (Statista, 2012), which is a large audience and exceeds the preference of one million. The cost of Pandora providing the service to one person is close to the cost it takes to provide the service to 47 million people. The variable costs per user are relatively low, as the main cost come from  software to provide Internet radio and the database to create radio stations. Once the software and database are created, they can be used multiple times without adding additional costs. Timing of Implementation Businesses who meet the criteria of having a large enough customer base and low variable costs also need to consider the timing of implementing the freemium model. Customers become accustomed to receiving a free service and expect that services to remain free. Requiring customers to pay for the service may result in the customer no longer being interested in the service. Research shows that waiting at least a year after offering the free service and a month after growth of the free usage slows is the most effective time to move to a fee service (Pauwels & Weiss, 2008). The wait period allows the site to gain popularity and customers to realize the free service’s value (Pauwels & Weiss, 2008). When Pandora first became available, customers were not willing to pay the subscription fees, as they had not yet determined the value of the service. Users listened to their free music until it ran out, and then waited until the next month when the free service was available. As the website gained popularity and customers realized the value of having a personally tailored radio station, they became more willing to subscribe to premium services. Pandora successfully implemented the freemium model almost six years of offering the free service. Customer Values One of Pandora’s strengths is the perceived value of its service to customers. Research shows that the perceived value of free content versus fee content determines if users will choose to pay for the service (Pauwels & Weiss, 2008). Pandora strives to provide each individual user a radio station that only plays their favorite songs. Most businesses fail to customize their products to each individual customer, so Pandora brings a personalized service to the customer (Westegren, 2009). An added benefit to the fee content is no advertising. Most other streaming radio stations and traditional radio stations play many commercials, which can result in listeners changing the station. Pandora’s premium services provide commercial free, advertising free, personalized radio for only $36 per year.  The benefit of the fee content encourages some users to pay the annual subscription. Pandora also allows users to connect with and recommend stations to their friends. This connection with friends through social media can be just as effective as receiving a review from a professional critic (Shelly, 2009). Most people have similar tastes in music as their friends and value their opinions. The personalized customization, no advertising and connection with friends increases customer value resulting in subscribers who are willing to pay for the service. Conclusion Analyzing Pandora’s successful implementation of the freemium business model provides insight on how other businesses can also benefit from this model. The freemium business model is not appropriate for all types of businesses. Two criteria that businesses must have are a large customer base, preferably in the millions, as well as low variable costs of providing a free service to customers (Laudon, & Traver, 2011). Businesses that meet these criteria must also take into consideration the timing of implementing the model and understand customer values. Pandora currently has well over a million active users and relatively low variable costs in providing the service. Reviewing Pandora’s history shows that timing plays an important role. Customers were not willing to pay for the service until they understood the value of the service. Pandora is aware that customers value individual customization and sharing their music with their friends. By offering a service that creates individual radio stations based on the user’s preferences and allowing them to share that music with their friends, has resulted in users who are willing to pay for premium services. Businesses interested in implementing the freemium business model can benefit from analyzing Pandora’s success in the model. References Hung, J. (2010). Economic essentials of online publishing with associated trends and patterns. Publishing Research Quarterly, 26(2), 79-95. doi:10.1007/s12109-010-9158-3. Laudon, K. C., & Traver, C. G. (2011). E-commerce: business, technology, society (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Pauwels, K., & Weiss, A. (2008). Moving from free to fee: how online firms market to change their business model successfully. Journal of Marketing, 72(3), 14-31. doi:10.1509/jmkg.72.3.14 Shelley, A. (2009). Pandora. Notes, 66(1), 138-142. Statista. (2012). Pandora’s active users from 2009 to 2012 (in millions). Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/190989/active-users-of-music-streaming-service-pandora-since-2009/. Westegren, T. (2009). Tailor your product to 1 million customers. (cover story). Financial Executive, 25(8), 38.

Analysis of Franchising Strategy

Analysis of Franchising Strategy FreshDirect is the leading online grocer, who serves more than 300 zip codes in Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, Nassua County, Riverdale, Westchester, Staten Island, New Jersey, and some areas of Connecticut, and they are providing a new way to shop for food. They are based in a 300,000-square-foot production building in Long Island City and they are the largest employers in the city. Joseph Fedele and Jason Ackerman cofounded FreshDirect in July 2001. Before FreshDirect was established, most other online grocery businesses had failed. Even with the demise of online grocery businesses for the previous decade, cofounders strongly believed that they would succeed in their business as their efficient operating strategy was built to provide high quality at lower prices. At first, however, FreshDirect was blamed for the limited service area until it expanded its area slowly. The company started to become popular by providing high quality products, such as locally grown fresh products and or ganic food at lower prices to local residents and offices. Then a few years later, people could see many refrigerated trucks of FreshDirect all over the Manhattan streets. FreshDirect has proven their efficient operating strategies, and it led to success in the online grocery industry. Since FreshDirect made profits, there has been a movement toward this online grocery industry, and they are facing a few challenges. Today, FreshDirect is facing fierce competition from traditional retail grocery, local restaurants, and other online grocers with delivery services. People have consistently questioned how fresh the products delivered by FreshDirect are because they have a limitation for seeing and feeling the products as an online grocer. According to one article, FreshDirect spent $600,000 for parking tickets as part of their operating expenses (Moskin, 2005). In addition to that, in 2007, the New York City government required a congestion charge for FreshDirect because FreshDirect has contributed to traffic jam, and the increasing gas prices are adding to their delivery expenses. One major challenge for FreshDirect is environmental issues. People complain about their idling delivery trucks which are contributing to additional exhaust fumes and taking parking spaces. Another environmental issue is using too many cardboard boxes. Their choice of which neighborhoods to deliver to is related to accused discrimination, and they have faced union related problems for unfair wages. Analysis SWOT Analysis One analytical framework that can be used for the internal and external environment of FreshDirect is SWOT analysis. The analysis of the FreshDirect issues will be broken down into â€Å"strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats† (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner & McNamara, 2012). Strengths Their wide choices of products with high-quality information on the foods that were sold Low operating expenses due to not renting expensive retail space. FreshDirect†™s efficient supply chain with no middleman. Low-cost marketing approach Cost-effective operating strategy of FreshDirect for their production facility. Extremely high standards for safety, health, and cleanliness in all areas. Strong partnerships with well-known chefs and restaurants in Manhattan Overall, FreshDirect has lots of strengths that are superior to competitors. They have provided various products to select with high quality at low cost on their well-designed website with high-quality information on the foods which are sold. With no retail location, they have lower operating expenses, resulting in more net revenues relative to traditional retail grocery businesses. Rather than having the middleman, they order all fresh products from individual suppliers and deliver directly to their customers. The less intermediaries between the distribution channel, the less the product costs. This allows FreshDirect to provide their high-quality goods at lower costs. They ha ve adopted a low-cost marketing approach by using a recommendation-based campaign from actual customers, which increases the credibility among new and existing customers. Their production facility is located close to their Manhattan customer base with 12 separate temperature zones and an SAP manufacturing software system, which have kept the best condition of their products at the optimal temperature. High standard for cleanliness leads to high quality products. Strong partnershisp have enhanced the quality and taste of the four-minute meal.

Water pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Water pollution - Research Paper Example The most significant problem with water pollution is that it endangers amphibians (and other genus) and can lead to extinction of various species without adequate steps taken to mitigate water pollution’s reoccurrences. There are many different types of water pollutants which threaten species. These include introduction of pathogens and chemicals which are dispersed into bodies of water from many different sources. Pipes, storm drains, factor-based discharges and sewer systems maintain the capability to contaminate various bodies of water. Specific contaminants, and the most common, include sodium, iron, benzene, and harmful pathogens. One of the most significant problems is that water-polluting substances tend to deplete oxygen levels in a body of water or cause a phenomenon known as turbidity, a situation in which vital light is obstructed, thereby disrupting the capability of plants to grow and even causing blockage of a water-dwelling species’ gills. When harmful chemicals are introduced into these bodies of water, it can promote the production of various diseases, increase the acidity of the water, cause dramatic shifts in temperature which are not conducive to longevity for species, an d affect the general quality of the water which impacts the reproductive cycles of water-dwelling creatures. A common water pollutant is benzene, which is often introduced into bodies of water as a result of industrial activity and through waste disposal of different consumer products such as glue and detergents. To illustrate the potential harm that benzene causes, a study was conducted in an industrial environment dedicated to producing nanotechnologies. The researchers recruited 121 different workers and performed a longitudinal study over five years. The recruited sample population was asked to allow recurring blood samples to be taken

Input and out put for the computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Input and out put for the computer - Essay Example Most prevalent input devices are the keyboard and the mouse. Keyboard is similar to the typewriter, it helps in typing in text, numbers, symbols, punctuation, letters etc. Pressing an enter key, sends the information to the processing device. Mouse is a pointing or clicking device that helps in locating and selecting the files at a faster pace. It has three buttons the left button helps in selecting the file or the folder or the icon on the desktop, a right button which when clicked displays the properties related to the file, while the middle is to scroll the page. Other input devices are scanner, light pen, joystick to play games, digital camera etc. The result or the outcome after the processing could be displayed by the output devices. The most prevalent output device is the monitor, it is like a TV screen and also called as VDU (Visual Display Unit). Whatever is typed through the keyboard can be seen on the monitor screen. The results of the input are being displayed on the monitor. This is called the soft copy as we can only read it and store the results. When the computer is switched off, results could not be retrieved therefore hard copy or the printouts are taken by another output device, the printer. Other input/output devices are the Floppy disk, CD-ROM, Pen drives etc. They also act as portable storage devices as they store the information from the computer and also provide the information to the

Public Sector vs Private Sector Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Public Sector vs Private Sector - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the evaluation of projects has three key parts: a) the identification of costs, b) the identification of outputs and c) the comparison of the findings related to the previous two phases. In practice, the method chosen for the evaluation of a project can highly variable depending on the project’s targets, the resources available and the environment in which the project was first developed. For example, if the project has been developed in the private sector its evaluation will be based on a method that will be different from those used in the public sector. The specific method of project evaluation is ideal for projects that have both economic and non-economic effects. When the costs involved in a project are difficult to be precisely estimated, then the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis would be preferred. The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis has an important benefit: it gives the chance to choose among alternative projects so that the project related to the lo west costs is identified. The only drawback of the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis is the following one: in projects of the public sector, not all costs can be clearly estimated in advance, especially if the project involved is related to a non-economic sector, as, for example, education. A different process for the evaluation of a project can be chosen, taking into consideration the economic and social environment and the project’s targets.  

Discuss the reasons why we need a regulatory framework for financial Essay

Discuss the reasons why we need a regulatory framework for financial reporting. What are the advantages and disadvantages of making accounting rules by law as opposed to using IASB standards - Essay Example Due to globalization, many UK companies are now acquiring subsidiary companies in other countries, which function under different financial parameters and there may be a need to modify the existing regulatory and financial frameworks (Haller and Walton, 2003). When different financial accounting standards exist in different countries, it may be necessary to harmonize them and this can only be achieved through modification of the financial regulatory networks. In this context, a report published by the Institute of chartered accountants in Scotland offers the view that the current position in the context of globalization is such that there is an â€Å"ever increasing volume of accounting rules†, which is not sustainable in the long run (ICAS, 2006:2). It’s only principles based accounting is likely to be beneficial Domestic law and regulation has changed in different ways. First, the London Stock exchange was once self regulatory but it is no longer the Listing authority within the U.K. The UKLA (UK Listing Authority) which is a part of the Financial Services Authority (FSA) is now the responsible authority for this purpose. Second, professional bodies which are a part of the UK Accountancy profession, have set up their own private regulatory framework – the Accountancy Foundation – to provide independent oversight of their auditing standards, ethical standards and regulatory activities, including disciplinary procedures. New regulations have also been issued in respect of limiting the remuneration paid to directors and the Companies Act has also been modified (Fearnley and Hines, 2003). These changes in the domestic law mean that the framework which existed earlier and was largely self-regulatory may no longer be adequate. Bullen and Crook (2005) have explained why a conceptual framework is needed. Both the FSAB and IASB, share a common goal of ensuring that their standards are â€Å"principles

British Literature Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

British Literature Poetry - Essay Example Herrick's poem "To The Virgins, To Make Much of Time" is rather short, consisting of four stanzas of four lines each. The very first line of the first stanza draws attention to the transience of youth and beauty. Herrick exhorts the virgins to gather rose-buds "while ye may," for rosebuds do not last too long. The smiling flower of today will, without any doubt, fade away and die tomorrow. Herrick does not have to spell out the fact that the plight of the flower should alert the virgins to their own plight-their beauty, too, is almost as fleeting as that of the flower. The second stanza, in a similar vein, speaks of "the glorious lamp of heaven, the Sun." The higher the sun's position in the sky, the poet says, "the sooner his race will be run." In spite of all the power and glory of the risen sun, the inexorable law, which decides that he then should set, and die from the sky, will inevitably prove stronger than he. Again, Herrick does not need to remind the young virgins that this illustration is actually a metaphor to parallel the precarious state of their own youth and beauty. The last two stanzas express the poet's meaning in a much more explicit manner. The 'first' age of life-youth-is no doubt the best, the poet says in the third stanza, but inevitably, worse times will succeed this first age, and the 'worst' will remain in store till the end. The full force of the poet's intention becomes clear in the message that is quite bluntly spelt out in the last stanza. "Be not coy, but use your time," he tells the girls. He advises them to "go marry," for, once the prime of their life is past, they may perhaps ever tarry, 'virgins' still, but not even assured of the respect which accompanies that title. Herrick presents coyness rather than its opposite as a fatal weakness or a temptation to be strenuously fought and overcome. The natural adult state is the state of marriage, and, though the poet does not use the words, he seems to imply the state of sexual union. Andrew Marvell's poem "To His Coy Mistress" is more personal and direct, because the poem is addressed directly to the poet's 'coy mistress' and not to any generalized congregation of 'virgins.' Marvell begins with the implicit argument that the coyness exhibited by his mistress is nothing short of criminal. It would have been no crime only if they had "but world enough and time"-and which young couple in the world could ever claim a surfeit of these Yet, he good-naturedly assures her that he would have been happy to fall in with her inclinations, if it were only possible. After accusing his mistress of the 'crime' of coyness in the first couplet, Marvell uses the rest of the first stanza to enumerate how he would have gladly spent an eternity wooing her without any complaint, if he did have infinite time at his disposal. In an ideal situation of infinite time, he would have happily let her indulge in the luxury of refusing his love from around the time of Noah's flood till the Day of Judgment. If he had all the time in the world to spare, he would readily let his 'vegetable love' to grow "vaster than empires, and more slow." He could, of course, spend the time quite agreeably. He would with the utmost pleasure, then use a hundred years to praise his mistress's eyes while gazing on her forehead. Likewise, he would take two hundred years to "adore each breast"-but "thirty thousand to the rest"-at the

Barry Bond And Jackie Robinson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barry Bond And Jackie Robinson - Essay Example Before drawing comparison of both these luminaries from the world of sports, it is quite pertinent to mention that these two players are from different era and Robinson was the first to break the concept of colour line in the history of baseball since his first appearance with the Brooklyn Dodgers in the year of 1947. And, he was the first black man to play in the league since 1880s. This fact helped him to bring an end to the racial segregation prevailing in the world of sports and particularly in professional baseball. He was an epitome of character and his impeccable talent provided a strong blow and challenge to the traditional basis on which the segregation was made in the area of baseball. He also made a considerable contribution in the Civil Rights Movement. On the other hand, the accomplishment of Bond as a baseball player is remarkable and this places him in a position unparalleled with the baseball players of all times. He has set a record of getting seven ‘Most Valuable Player Awards’ but in the personal front he had certain loop holes which makes him a diminished entity to an extent before the personality of Robinson.

Video Game Guru Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video Game Guru - Essay Example My outward appearance gives a lot of my friends reason to classify me as a gamer. This is most likely because the images proudly displayed on whatever T-shirt I'm wearing at the moment usually feature some favorite video game character or another. If it isn’t a character specifically, it will most likely be an often quoted line from a game, an abbreviation in ‘gamer speak’ that usually only other gamers recognize or a walking advertisement for my most recent gaming equipment. I almost always have some sort of pocket game handy and I'm the guy everybody comes to when they want to know the best cheats for the most popular game to hit the market this week. Since this is the case, most of the time when my friends find me, I'm either buried in the game itself or deep in conversation with someone else about what to do when the aliens come jumping over boulders at you in Halo 2. No matter what my friends think, though, I identify myself as a gamer because I am intensely interested in all the different facets of gaming. More than just being interested in knowing what the different cheats are in the various games, I want to know about the graphics quality, the sound effects, the realism, the action, the artificial intelligence of the characters and so much more. For me, it is not enough to just play the game and see how far I get. When new games come out, I have known about them since their earliest development.

Hydrogen Peroxide and iodine ions Essay Example for Free

Hydrogen Peroxide and iodine ions Essay The reason for the blue-black complex is due to the formation of polyiodide chains during the reaction between starch and iodine. The amylose in starch forms helices with which the iodine molecules align, causing a transfer of charge. This charge transfer corresponds to the absorption spectrum, in which the blue-black colour is the complementary colour. The details of this reaction are not fully known yet. The strength and deepness of the colour is dependent on the amount of amylose present. 3The rate of the reaction can be explained by the collision theory, which shows that the rate can be altered by4: concentrations, pressure, temperature, intensity of radiation, particle size, surface area and a catalyst. In this experiment I will be looking at concentrations, temperatures and the affect of a catalyst. The collision theory also states a reaction will only take place if threeconditions are met: 1. Reactant particles collide with each other The reactant particles must collide with the correct orientation. 3. The collision must provide enough energy to overcome the activation energy. 2This is due to the fact, if particles collide but are not orientated correctly the molecules will just bounce of each other, this is often due to charge of the molecules which causes repulsion if the orientation is incorrect. If particles collide with the correct orientation, they must collide with a minimum energy otherwise they will just bounce of each other. The activation energy is used to break some of the original bonds, which is essential for a reaction to occur. The activation energy is this minimum energy and can be shown on an energy profile. We can see from the below graphs how in an endothermic reaction the energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products, this is why it absorbs heat. Whereas an exothermic reaction will give out heat as the reactants have a higher energy than the products. 2The activation energy can be marked on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution refers directly to gases, however the principles can be taken and applied to liquid reactions also. 5The area underneath the curve represents the different particles and their level of energy. Only the particles that have energy higher than the activation energy will undergo a reaction. We can see that the kinetic energy of a molecule can never be zero, but theoretically can be ever increasing, as there is no defined maximum energy value. You can then change the shape of the curve or move the activation energy in order to increase the number of collisions that overcome the activation enthalpy. Changing certain variables can do this, which is what will be done in this experiment. 6 7 The first variable I will be varying is concentration of the different reactants; I will be using 5 different concentrations for each reactant. Increasing the concentration of a reactant means that there are a higher proportion of particles per unit volume. This then causes the rate of reaction to increase because particles have a higher chance of colliding  with sufficient kinetic energy to cause a reaction. 8By varying the concentration of each reactant it allows me to calculate the order of the reaction, by investigating their effects. By finding the order I can then calculate the rate constant and rate equation. As shown above the majority if the percentage errors are minimal, however we can see the largest error was that of the colourimeter which came to 7.14%. Unfortunately there is little that can be done to prevent this, as the reading is so small. I ensured the same colourimeter was used each time, to eliminate as much error as possible. In replacement of the thermometer, a digital thermometer could be used to gain a more accurate reading of the temperature, as the precision error for it is  ±0.05 °C. Other than this the equipment used was well chosen as it gave the smallest amount of error possible. The investigation was accurate as most of the percentage errors are very low and mostly insignificant. Other errors are likely to be that the room temperature varied between 19 and 23 degrees C, throughout the experiment on a day-to-day basis, a factor out of my control, therefore this would have affected the rate constant. To reduce this error and improve the experiment, each experiment could be done in a thermostatically controlled water bath. After looking at the published data of the activation enthalpy for a non catalysed, I can see my experiment is reliable as the value I got was only 5.794 KJ mol-1 off the actual activation enthalpy, however in order  to be able to fully justify my findings I would need to repeat each experiment numerous times, a minimum of three, to then allow me to calculate an average and to disregard any anomalous data. As each experiment was only conducted once, it could be that all the data is anomalous. By using two different methods at looking at how concentration affects the rate of reaction, my results are more reliable as both methods back each other up. To improve this aspect of the investigation I would use more and a wider variety of concentrations of each reactant, during the colourimetery, as only two concentrations of each were used. The main reason for this was the time allocated to this aspect of the investigation, as each run of colourimetery took around 25 minutes. To improve and investigate further into this experiment I would create a calibrate curve through the colourimeter by making up solutions of the coloured substance of known concentration, then measuring the absorbance of each, ensuring to use the same conditions as the experiment will be done as. The graph of absorbance against concentration will give your calibration curve. This would then allow me to see how much iodine was produced at each stage of the reaction. Allowing me to closely monitor the rate of reaction. A limitation of my experiment would be the catalysed experiment; due to the fact the reaction occurred so rapidly. The human reaction time is only accurate to 0.5 seconds, and in some cases the reaction took only 3 seconds, meaning the percentage error is 16.7%. To look into this particular catalyst further, I would dissolve the catalyst and dilute it to lower the concentration; this may give a longer time period before the blue-black complex forms. You would also be able to investigate if the concentration of catalyst changed the rate of reaction. Another potential way to improve this would be to investigate how different catalysts may affect the reaction and to what extent do they lower the activation enthalpy. A catalyst that could be tried would be ammonium iron sulphate, using the iron (III) ions to catalyse the reaction. Another limitation of the experiment that would have reduced the accuracy would be the fact the blue-black complex forms gradually, therefore it subject able as to when to stop the stopwatch. In order to reduce this error a black cross was marked and the experiment was stopped once the black cross could no loner be seen. However whilst conducting the temperature experiments the reaction was done in test tubes and no cross could be used, to minimise the error the stop clock was stopped immediately at the first sign of the blue-black complex. The final main limitation would be that the conical flask was swirled in order to mix the two solutions. Although best efforts were made to ensure the solutions were swirled evenly in each experiment, it is difficult to control. An improvement would be to use a magnetic stirrer, set at the same speed to ensure the same kinetic energy throughout the solutions, ensuring this did not affect the reaction. As found in the Nuffield Book of Data, I can see that the order of the reaction with respect to H+ ions is dependent on the concentration. To further my investigation it would be interesting to look further into how the concentration of sulphuric acid may cause the order to be either 1 or 0 with respect to the H+ ions. I could then look at the point at which it changed from being zero order to first order. It would then be interesting to see how this affected the activation enthalpy of the experiment. I can conclude my results are accurate and reliable, due to the fact the equipment was chosen with low precision errors and any errors given were too small to have a large impact. This can be backed up by the published data found in the Nuffield Book of Data.

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale Essay Example for Free

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale Essay I think that it is important to understand where you are in your nursing practice. After completing the Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale, I realize that I still have a lot more experience to gain as a nurse. I believe that nurses must be life-long learners to stay current in the ever-changing field of healthcare. I have only been a nurse for two years. Before beginning the test, I thought that with my few years of experience, I would be a novice nurse. However, I am a competent nurse. According to Arnold and Boggs (2011) the competent nurse â€Å"views the clinical picture from a broader perspective and is more confident about his or her role in health care† (p. 127). I have been organized and able to manage my time successfully. I feel that I can consciously make decisions without direct supervision. I can assess the patient and look at all the variables before proceeding with care. I can think more long term now than I did in the beginning. I feel that in order to improve my communication skills in the healthcare setting, I have to continue to think more long-term. I need to stop being so task-oriented and start looking at the patient as a whole. Instead of doing something just because it’s ordered, I need to be diligent and make sure it is appropriate for my patient’s specific condition. I realize how important it is to be able to communicate with the physicians. We are with the patients much more than they are, and we are their eyes and ears. I feel that it is also vital to have good communication with the patients and their families. They depend on us to be honest in all that we do. When the patient trusts us, they will be more open with us. My facility does bedside shift report. I think this is important because it gives the oncoming nurse the chance to understand what the patient is going to need for the next 12 hours. It also gives the patient the opportunity to become involved in their care. As nurses, we are always communicating so it is  important to make sure that we do it correctly and efficiently. References Arnold, E., Boggs, K. U. (2011). Interpersonal Relationships: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Whether Ethical Leaders Are Born Or Made Philosophy Essay

Whether Ethical Leaders Are Born Or Made Philosophy Essay In this essay we will extend to the debate which is going on for years that Ethical leaders are born or made, starting initially with the understand of what is an ethical leader who is an ethical leader and the good and bad traits of leader and how leader can be ethical and understanding the concepts attributes of good ethical leader like Mr. Nayaran Murty, Chairman Ex-CEO, Infosys Technologies Ltd. And will learn more about him in terms of of his character, values moral behaviour. While in the last part of essay we will try to figure out what are the important Ethical issues faced by todays Business Leader through the frame work of Stakeholder, Owners. What is an ethical leader? Someone who is able to stimulate people willingness to practice well-being encourages good ethical behaviour. They are also open to questions, discussion, and criticism. A good leader is someone who cares about the followers in general. Any theory of ethical leadership must be based on two new premises. First, ethical leadership is a system of thought based on setting rules for what to do, not on what not to do. Second, leadership must evolve to include ethical behaviour not because ethical behaviour is simply a natural good in and of itself, but mainly as part of the core of what leadership is for pragmatic reasons. The world does not exist for only one moment. It exists as a continuum of time and any definition of leadership must recognize that leadership is not an event that occurs in one second, but is a process that takes time. While an act of leadership may appear episodic, for true leadership to occur it must be built on a series of actions that produces a very useful range of results. The definition of leadership that incorporates this time dimension, The definition is: Leadership is the creation and fulfillment of worthwhile opportunities by honourable means(Herb Rubenstein, 2003) The debate of Ethical Leader Born versus Made has been going on for years, and it will still go on, to add to this debate a person might be blessed with extraordinary talents like he might be the best orator or the best writer or the best in his field still he may not emerge out to be as ethical leader. People may possess almost all the traits of a leader, but if they lack the all important human touch than they will fail to attract people towards themselves. Ethical leadership is about having great relationship with others; a follower is ever desirous of seeking personal association of his beloved leader. If a leader does not display the personal bonding then its just a matter of time that the followers will abandon him. A person is not compelled to follow somebody; instead he chooses to follow somebody. But why does he choose to follow an individual? What did he see in that particular individual that he decided to be dictated by his terms and conditions? He submissively accepts an individual as the architecture of his destiny because he sees a personal touch in that individuals gesture along with being ethical, he sees someone who is showing great concern for his personal well-being and he sees that this individual is ever desirous of his success and is willing to provide him the necessary direction which can lead him to succeed. So, he decides to accept his authority and he becomes his follower. An ethical leader has to be credible and trustworthy. His words and actions should match; he should become a living example to his followers. Whatever expectations a leader has from his followers he should clearly state it. People want an Ethical leader to be honest; a follower has willingly surrendered himself to the leader so he wants that the person whom he is following should be honest in his words and in his actions. An Ethical leader should be a great communicator of ideas and visions; his words should establish a bond with the follower. An ethical leader should create a positive environment wherein the people can be self-motivated; a leader should always be inspiring. He should display great amount of competence and commitment towards his work. He should lead by example and display tremendous determination; his never to die attitude will inspire his followers. A leader should also display great competence and capability. People follow someone if they believe that the person has got the requisite capability of achieving what he tends to achieve. Some people have a natural ability which makes them take initiatives in leadership and being ethical as well. The will to make decisions is also one trait which is inherent in some people and proves to be an essential quality of a leader. While some qualities needed for good leadership may be natural to some people it is important to note that all skills needed for an ethical leadership are not present in any individual. He has to learn some skill on his own by making deliberate efforts. Since all the properties needed for good leadership are not inborn in any individual everyone has learn the ropes of this business. That is why it is stressed that leaders are made and are not born.   The debate of Ethical Leader Born versus Made has been going on for centuries. As said earlier ethical leadership can be taught learned. There are some skills have to be learned for a good ethical leader. In some people these qualities are inborn but some people have to learn these skills. What are the means to learn these skills? One way is you can watch a leader and learn from him. Like Mr. Narayana Murty, Chairman CEO, INFOSYS TECHNOLOGIES (LTD) One of the founders of Infosys Technologies Limited; Chosen as the World Entrepreneur of the Year 2003 by Ernst and Young Narayana Murthy is the Non-Executive Chairman and Chief Mentor of Infosys Technologies Limited. He is a living legend and an epitome of the fact that honesty, transparency, and moral integrity ethics are not at variance with business acumen. He set new standards in corporate governance and morality when he stepped down as the Executive Chairman of Infosys at the Age of 60.   Born on August 20, 1946, N.R. Narayana Murthy is a B.E. Electrical from University of Mysore (1967) and M.Tech from IIT Kanpur (1969). Narayan Murthy began his career with Patni Computer Systems in Pune. In 1981, Narayana Murthy founded Infosys with six other software professionals. In 1987, Infosys opened its first international office in U.S.A. With the liberalization of Indian economy in 1990s, Infosys grew rapidly. In 1993, the company came up with its IPO. In 1995, Infosys set up development centers across cities in India and in 1996, it set up its first office in Europe in Milton Keynes, UK. In 1999, Infosys became the first Indian company to be listed on NASDAQ. Today (in 2006), Infosys has a turnover of more than $ 2billion and has employee strength of over 50,000. In 2002, Infosys was ranked No. 1 in the Best Employers in India 2002 survey conducted by Hewitt and in the Business Worlds survey of Indias Most Respected Company. conducted in the same year. Along with the growth of Infosys, Narayana Moorthy too has grown in stature. He has received many honors and awards. In June 2000, Asiaweek magazine featured him in a list of Asias 50 Most Powerful People. In 2001, Narayana Murthy was named by TIME/CNN as one of the 25 most influential global executives. He was the first recipient of the Indo-French Forum Medal (2003) and was voted the World Entrepreneur of the Year 2003 by Ernst and Young. The Economist ranked Narayana Murthy eighth on the list of the 15 most admired global leaders (2005) and Narayan Murthy also topped the Economic Times Corporate Dossier list of Indias most powerful CEOs for two consecutive years 2004 and 2005. Strategy is all about differentiating yourself in the marketplace to maximise your margins. Differentiation could come through products and services. But your stakeholders must feel you are more and more valuable to them, compared to competitors. Stakeholders would mean society, customers, employees, government, investors; each must say this company is adding more value to me than any other. Ethics and values can be defined as anything that stands the test of golden behaviour. That is the rule, that one must do unto others what you would like to be done unto you. Nayaran Murty define ethics and values in a more elaborate manner. Ethics and values form the protocol for conduct and behaviour in a community for each of its members. So that enhances the confidence, the enthusiasm, the energy, the joy of everyone else in the community. If I conduct myself as per that protocol of behaviour, it enhances the confidence, the enthusiasm, the energy and joy of everyone else in the company. As I said earlier, if you want to become unique in the marketplace, then you want all to work hard. If you want 67,500 employees in Infosys to agree voluntarily to commit to hard work, then they have to trust the leader. A leader has to have followers to be a leader. That is why I stood by my controversial decision on CEOs salaries being linked to companys earnings. If you want to enhance the trust of employees in the leader, then the leadership of the company has to conduct itself in a manner that enhances trust. Also, the CEO or the leader must definitely reap benefits proportionate to the benefits derived by the company. Never before in the history of business community in the world did we have a situation where trust of man and woman in the street is lowest in business leaders. According to a US survey, corporate leaders are least trusted, as many of them violated codes of ethics and even laws. On the Indian side, if you have analysed how salaries of CEOs have increased in 15 years, they have gone up from Rs 7,000 and Rs 10,000 to Rs 7 million on an average. I am one of those who fought for this. When on board of a company, I saw to it that the CEO had a variable linked to output. Indeed, salaries of the lowest paid persons have not correspondingly gone up. I wont get into a debate whether this is right or wrong. But after getting the government to agree to limit on salaries, it is incumbent on our part to live up to expectations and conduct ourselves in a manner that enhances trust of all stakeholders, particularly the government and the society. The fact that we opened borders in 1991 and welcomed MNCs to operate, has had a tremendous positive impact on value delivered to consumers. But if we have to continue to satisfy our customers we have to conduct ourselves in a manner that is worthy for the simple reason that customers today have a plethora of choices. A Ethical leader is an agent of change, and progress is about change. In the words of  Robert F Kennedy, `Progress is a nice word; but change is its motivator. Leadership is about raising the aspirations of followers and enthusing people with a desire to reach for the stars. For instance, Nayaran Murty wanted to take Indian Software Industry to the world level. And he was successful in his vision because he has the attributes of a very good ethical leader. A leader with  vision  has a clear, vivid picture of where to go, as well as a firm grasp on what success looks like and how to achieve it. But its not enough to have a vision; leaders must also share it and act upon it. Nayaran Murty, chairman and CEO of Infosys Tech Ltd., said, Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision and relentlessly drive it to completion. Nayaran Murty was able to communicate his or her vision in terms that cause followers to buy into it. He communicates clearly and passionately, as passion is contagious. A good leader must have the discipline to work toward his or her vision single-mindedly, as well as to direct his or her actions and those of the team toward the goal. Action is the mark of a leader. A leader does not suffer analysis paralysis but is always doing something in pursuit of the vision, inspiring others to do the same. Integrity  is the integration of outward actions and inner values. A person of integrity is the same on the outside and on the inside. Such an individual can be trusted because he or she never veers from inner values, even when it might be expeditious to do so. Narayana Murty have the trust of followers and therefore displays integrity. Honest dealings, predictable reactions, well-controlled emotions, and an absence of tantrums and harsh outbursts are all signs of integrity. Nayaran Murty is centered in integrity and is more approachable by followers. Dedication  means spending whatever time or energy is necessary to accomplish the task at hand. Nayaran Murthy inspires dedication by example, doing whatever it takes to complete the next step toward the vision. By setting an excellent example, he shows followers that there are no nine-to-five jobs on the team, only opportunities to achieve something great. Magnanimity  means giving credit where it is due. A magnanimous leader ensures that credit for successes is spread as widely as possible throughout the company. Conversely, a good leader takes personal responsibility for failures. This sort of reverse magnanimity helps other people feel good about themselves and draws the team closer together. To spread the fame and take the blame is a hallmark of Narayan Murthy. Leaders with  humility  recognize that they are no better or worse than other members of the team. A humble Nayaran Murthy is not self-effacing but rather tries to elevate everyone. Leaders with humility also understand that their status does not make them a god. Nayaran Murthy is a role model for all Indian businessmen aspiring young people, and he pursued a follower-centric leadership role. Openness  means being able to listen to new ideas, even if they do not conform to the usual way of thinking. Nayaran Murty able to suspend judgment while listening to others ideas, as well as accept new ways of doing things that someone else thought of. Openness builds mutual respect and trust between leaders and followers, and it also keeps the team well supplied with new ideas that can further its vision. Creativity  is the ability to think differently, to get outside of the box that constrains solutions. Creativity gives Nayaran Murthy the ability to see things that others have not seen and thus lead followers in new directions. Fairness  means dealing with others consistently and justly. Nayaran Murty checks all the facts and hear everyone out before passing judgment. He or she must avoid leaping to conclusions based on incomplete evidence. When people feel they that are being treated fairly, they reward a leader with loyalty and dedication. Assertiveness  is not the same as aggressiveness. Rather, it is the ability to clearly state what one expects so that there will be no misunderstandings. Nayaran Murty is assertive to get the desired results. Along with assertiveness comes the responsibility to clearly understand what followers expect from their leader. A  sense of humor  is vital to relieve tension and boredom, as well as to  defusehostility. Nayaran Murty knows how to use humor to energize followers. Humor is a form of power that provides some control over the work environment. And simply put, humor fosters good camaraderie. The most important issue  in  Business  Ethics Conflict of  Interest Business ethics can be examined from various perspectives, including the perspective of the employee, the commercial enterprise, and society as a whole. Very often, situations arise in which there is conflict between one or more of the parties, such that serving the interest of one party is a detriment to the other(s). For example, a particular outcome might be good for the employee, whereas, it would be bad for the company, society, or vice versa. Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a business ethic in society. For example, some suggest that the principal purpose of a business is to maximize returns to its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded concern, its shareholders. Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged, because any others function as a tax on profits. Some believe that the only companies that are likely to survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place profit maximization above everything else. However, some point out that self-interest would still require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. Some take the position that organizations are not capable of moral agency. Under this, ethical behaviour is required of individual human beings, but not of the business or corporation. Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law. They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole. Stakeholders can also be broken down into primary and secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders are people that are affected directly such as stockholders, where secondary stakeholders are people who are not affected directly such as the government. They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, and some would suggest tha t this includes even rights of governance. Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural standards, as in the case of multinational companies that operate in countries with varying practices. The question arises, for example, ought a company to obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the less stringent laws of the developing country in which it does business? To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however, in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary, accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can occur with regard to child labour, employee safety, work hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental protection laws.

Essay --

I. GREEN FLOAT PROJECT The world’s first floating nation is set to be located in the islands of Kirabati. The islands are quickly sinking due to rising sea levels. Currently they are located only six feet above the sea level. Actions are being taken to save the islands by literally placing the current islands onto reconstructed man-made islands and building a city in the sky on top. Anote Tong, president of Kiribati, knows that this plan is drastic but he feels it is necessary to save the islands. Kiribati has invested in many other initiatives to stop the impending fate of the nation, though due to lack of funding he has not been able to implement them. He believes a project like this will attract international funding because it is a sustainable solution that will work not only for Kiribati but for other similarly situated areas. A cutting edge Japanese company called Shimuzu Corp. came up with this ambitious plan to prevent the impending loss of Kiribati. The project is being called the city in the sky as well as the green float project. The costs are estimated to be upwards of three hundred and seventeen billion dollars. Future units are going to become cheaper overtime. Each tower unit will be built to house thirty thousand people, and will also provide space for commercial activities. The units are going to be able to be connected to accommodate a combined one hundred thousand people. The base of the islands will be constructed with impenetrable materials that need little maintenance but are extremely costly. These man-made islands are referred to as lily pads. They will be three thousand meters wide and one thousand meters tall. The bases of the islands will be completely secured; they are set ... ...lar to receiving a reward for contributing green energy into the grid, the May initiative gives rewards for people who in their private property develop facilities and other means to accommodate excess water. Similar in certain respects to the LiFe project, this initiative is different in that property owners do it completely individually. The government would reward or compensate people for their capacity to control water on their property. Some examples of initiatives that will be rewarded will be homeowners with large areas of permeable land, reservoirs, and many more. This initiative will not only help with flood relief but also will result in education about climate change. It will give people a reason to become responsible for their actions and become conscious of their actions climatically. Monetary rewards will bring interest into joining the initiative.

Can Two Such Different Companies Find Success In Today?s Market? :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only a few years ago, Cisco Systems was a struggling company who only the technologically educated had heard of. Today, Cisco Systems ranks as the number one or two company in most Internet technology. Anyone using the Internet today, will use one area or another of Cisco Systems. The driving force behind Cisco is their visionary CEO, John Chambers. How does a man who is dyslexic and doesn’t understand much of the technology his company makes become so successful in the Internet age? He believes in empowering his employees and surrounds himself with people who do have the technical knowledge. Chambers believes in acquiring companies at an alarming rate to either acquire new technologies or the teams of people who are developing the new technologies. This saves Cisco money and time allowing it to lead the way in the Internet world instead of playing catch up. Chambers also believes in education as a major player in the future success of not only his company , but for the entire country. His vision of doing it first, before the competition, has built Cisco Systems into the giant of the information technology field it is today. Chambers wants Cisco to be the number one or number two company in any area they compete in. If that is not possible, Cisco will not compete in that area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Chambers took over as CEO of Cisco Systems in 1995. Since his rise to power, Cisco has sustained a growth rate 100% per year. One of the reasons for this growth is the kind of people Chambers keeps himself surrounded with. One example of this is Howard Charney, a senior vice-president at Cisco. Charney could be a CEO at another company if he wanted to be. He was co-inventor of the Ethernet and then founded the first 100 megabit-per-second Etehrnet company. Charney later sold the company to Cisco and stayed on with the company. He says he stays because Chambers treats him as an equal and not as an employee. Chambers asks the advice of his officers instead of dictating to them and that is one reason they stay with the company instead of leaving for the competition. Many of the officers at Cisco have worked for other profitable companies in the information technologies field such as Wang, 3Com, etc. This experience coupled with Chambers’ vision of being t he company in the lead helps Cisco stay in the forefront of technology.

The Role of the Church in the Renaissance Essay example -- Art History

The Christian Church was absolutely instrumental in the art of the Renaissance. It was the driving force behind every inspiration; without the Church, there would have been no art. The Church was the only institution powerful enough to be able to support the commissions of all of the artwork, and it was the only institution, in which people had enough faith and devotion to spend so much of their time and money creating pieces that—although beautiful—were not necessities. The role of religion in art actually began during the Byzantine era. During this time, all artwork was religious in nature, and most of it was done in a consistently similar style so that figures from the Bible could be easily recognized by everyone and so that people had a consistent view of religious matters. Art during this time was largely iconic, meant to inspire the awe of God in the viewer. Along with various versions of the crucifix, one of the most popular images of the Byzantine style wa s The Pantokrator, an image of Jesus Christ as shown from above. An example of one of these pieces was done in the twelfth century in the abbey church of Monreale in the city of Palermo. Jesus is a monumental figure that takes up much of the space across the apse of the Church. One of his hands forms a mudra as the other holds the scripture. His fully frontal and direct stance along with the glimmering gold background serves to strike awe and fear into the viewer. Clearly this piece was done with the intent to impress the value and mightiness of religion first and attention to the detail and technique of the art second. This emphasis on religion continued deep into the Renaissance, as the Church was one of the few organizations that could fund such massive un... ...udgment in the afterlife. Giotto’s Arena Chapel, Duccio’s Maestà  , and Masaccio’s Trinity are only a few examples of the Church’s overarching influence on Renaissance art. Without the Church, there would have been no art. It was the increasing popularity of the Church with new orders of monks in the 1200s that created a greater need for religious images, and with more production of art, the style began to change. Religion was such an integral part of Renaissance culture that it makes sense that it would be the focus of its creativity. Works Cited Adams, Laurie Schneider. Italian Renaissance Art, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001. Shearmann, John. Only Connect†¦ Art and the Spectator in the Italian Renaisssance, Washington, D.C.: Princeton University Press, 1992. Welch, Evelyn. Art and Society in Italy 1350-1500, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Heineken IFRS vs US GAAP Essay

Like IFRS, reports prepared under US IFRS are presented: (i) statement of financial position, (ii) statement of comprehensive income, (iii) statement of changes in equity, (iv) statement of cash flows, and (v) notes including accounting policies. Unlike IFRS it is not required under US GAAP to present a statement of financial position as the beginning of the earliest comparative period. However, SEC registrants are required to present statements of financial position as of the end of the current and prior periods. There are more specific format and line item disclosure requirements for SEC registrants. Unlike IFRS, it is needed to present statements for the most recent quarters. Basis of accounting Both standards are prepared on a modified cost basis with growing emphasis on fair value. Financial statements can be measured into a non-highly inflationary currency. When an economy becomes highly inflationary, an entity makes price-level adjustments prospectively. Consolidation and non-controlling interest in consolidated financial statements Consolidation under IFRS is based under control model, which is assumed to exist when a parent company owns more than half of an entity’s voting power, or has legal rights. US GAAP uses a bipolar consolidation model, which distinguishes between a variable interest model and a voting interest model. Business combination The receiving entity records the net assets at their carrying amounts in the accounts of the transferor (historical cost). Functional and presentation currency Heineken’s consolidated financial statements are presented in euro, which is the Company’s actual functional currency. Once the acquisition is done, the local currency would be euro, the functional currency would be US dollar, and the reporting currency would be US dollar as well. Considerations assumed in the determination of functional currency: †¢The majority of the sales are going to be invoiced in U.S. dollars so that their cash inflow would be generated in greater proportion in that currency. Furthermore, most of the purchases of would be paid in U.S. dollars. †¢After the acquisition, sale prices will be settled in U.S. dollars, according to the budget made at the departmental Controlling of CBA. †¢The accounts receivable transactions (trade and related party) and accounts payable (trade and related parties) would be made in U.S. dollars. Foreign currency transactions Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the respective functional currencies of CBA entities at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. The foreign currency gain or loss arising on monetary items is the difference between amortized cost in the functional currency at the beginning of the period, adjusted for effective interest and payments during the period, and the amortized cost in foreign currency translated at the exchange rate at the end of the reporting period. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at the date that the fair value was determined. It’s important to say that unlike IFRS, US GAAP does not address whether an entity may have more than one reporting currency. However, the SEC has indicated that the foreign private issuer may select any reporting currency that the issuer deems appropriate. Also, under US GAAP the financial statements of a foreign operation in a highly inflationary economy are re-measured as if the parent’s reporting currency were its functional currency with the translation gains and losses recognized in profit or loss. Unlike IFRS, this accounting is followed for financial statements of the period that begins after the economy becomes highly inflationary. Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) Heineken measures its items of PPE at cost less government grants received accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Heineken also depreciate its PPE items under straight line basis, and major components that are accounted for separately, since this most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. It’s important to call that under US GAAP, estimates of useful and residual value, and the method of depreciation, are reviewed only when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the current estimates or depreciation method are no longer appropriate. Unlike IFRS, the revaluation of property, plant and equipment is not permitted. Inventories Heineken: Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the weighted average cost formula, and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. Unlike IFRS, inventories are measured at the lower of cost and market. Under US GAAP FIFO (first in first out) method is allowed. Also, inventory is written down to market when net market is less than the cost, in difference with IFRS that states that it should be done when the realizable value is less than the cost. Leased assets Leases in terms of which Heineken assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Upon initial recognition PPE acquired by way of finance lease is measured at an amount equal to the lower of its fair value and the present value of the minimum lease payments at inception of the lease. Lease payments are apportioned between the outstanding liability and finance charges so as to achieve a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Other leases are operating leases and are not recognized in Heineken statement of financial position. Payments made under operating leases are charged to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. When an operating lease is terminated before the lease period has expired, any payment required to be made to the lessor by way of penalty is recognized as an expense in the period in which termination takes place. IAS 17 and US GAAP are conceptually similar, but ISAS 17 provides less specific guidance than US GAAP and leaves it to interpretation, substance over form.

A taste of honey †From dependence to independence Essay

Jo, a trapped schoolinggirl want sanctuary away from her un true(p) acquire Helen, yet go uping herself dependent upon her. The universal sustainment from place to place and no steady source of income meant that Jo had no substantive social life at school or at home and rough luxuries. Jo relies on a carefree pitch dimmedness sailor for comfort, besides, a facsimile of her protest life, he is torn away and she is strained to move on. Helen leaves Jo and marries the untrustworthy scratch. A ethereal colleague k outrightn as Ge murder at present comes into her life, and Jo briefly realises he is a reliable person, and begins to depend upon him when she is pregnant. Towards the end, Geoff leaves upon the return of Helen, and Jo becomes the independent cleaning lady that she so longed for, perhaps a subject of her quick taste of h integrityy.In morsel 1, Scene 1, we find out somewhat Jos schooling abilities. When she arrives, she wants to find someplace to plant her bulbs. As she asseverates, Its straightlaced to turn over a hardly a(prenominal) flowers. Helen finds some drawings that Jo had done and compliments her by saying, I didnt realise I had much(prenominal) a talented daughter. Jo reveals her childlike place by replying with Im not just talented, Im geniused. Jos intentions of going school and Helen at Christmas, becomes apparent, as she waits to think that she is mature and independent beseeming to do so. An some other sign her naivety. Her as certain(a) of the new flat alike comes into calorie-free when Helen says, This is the place, and Jo replies with, And I dont similar it. Her attitude to life is arguably summarised with those few words. She is forever criticising Helen and rarely calls her puzzle or mum. The pair are ever bickering and Jo level says, Im sick of you. Youve made my life a misery. Her dislike and despite for life, instantly recognisable, is possibly collectable to her loneliness.Her become give s her actually dwarfish support so she must judge fondness from other sources. Although she seems to hate Helen, Jo is very dependent on her and to a certain extent Helen is dependent on Jo. She is incessantly devising Jo do things for her (getting drinks, cooking, etc). There is slender doubt that her misery is also due to her unsatisfactory mother. Their consanguinity is hardly your stereotypic mother-daughter one, which contri notwithstandinges greatly to Jo leaving school and her mother as soon as she has the chance. Helen is not oblivious to her incompetence as a mother who says, I know, Im a venomous, wicked woman, and not victimization the word mother.Peter is a dodgy car salesman with an meat patch, and one of the reasons that Helen moved. He wants her to tie him but Helen declines. barely with persuasion and persistence his charm soon builds affect and she finally agrees. Jo immediately holds Peter with just as much contempt as her mother. Her spiteful attit ude towards him is presumable because Peter has her mothers love and she does not, though of black market Jo would never admit this. Jo soon changes however and asks Peter coyly, Do you fancy me? and he responds, Not yet. Jo clearly seeks attention from Peter. He also has photographs of all his ex-girlfriends. Jo sires fun of his eye patch, again expressing her childish ways. We also find out about Jos phobias, Im not frightened of the shabbiness outside. Its the offness within I dont like. This tells the reader that she feels dark and lonely inside, which sheds light onto why she has a depressing attitude to life. Helen neglects her needs, for example, leaving her wholly for a weekend while she runs off with Peter. Helen also makes no attempt to tending Jo when shes pregnant, if anything Helen is angry, perhaps because Jo has made the aforementioned(prenominal) mistakes she once made. Being the age of 16 some may say she is instead independent, leaving school and home, ho wever she is unsounded a nave child inside with a thirst for attention and affectionJo is not perturbed by her mothers actions, and is still determined to become independent. Her plans to move out are exe signed, and she decides she would like to marry a black sailor. Jo knows Helen will disapprove, which seems to make it the whole affair better. Jos kind with the sailor seems short and casual. They both say that they love each other but are very relaxed. For example, when he leaves and does not come back she is not worried, probably because she is used to moving on and leaving many things behind. Later on though when talking to Geoff, she says Last Christmas I had him, she plainly misses him, and talks fondly about him especially when the blow is due.Helens departure has little matter on Jo, which is slightly unexpected, as she now has the independence away from her mother that she forever wanted. This is possible because she really needs individual to depend on especially with a baby on the way. Geoff, a funny student is her saviour. He becomes Jos shoulder joint to cry on, and is keen on go a mystify figure for the baby. Jo seems to take advantage of Geoffs kindness and much makes him do stuff for her. Geoff does not seem to mind, even when she makes fun of his sexuality, which many volume did at the time. Geoff was her pillar of strength when she had her childish tantrums, such as wanting to cut off the babies head or discard it.Geoff, probably more than she was on her mother. Jo even says, supposedly to the baby, Lets see what big sisters making us.Geoff is a neighborly carer and is totally different from the sailor. Whereas the sailor wants a sexual relationship, Geoff is content with caring for Jo and making cakes. Geoff even asks Jo if they should get married and also asks her what shed do if he started something. Jo replies, In my condition, Id probably faint. He adores babies but Jo is less keen on them. Geoff seems to want, more tha n anything, to be the father of Jos child.To begin with, Jo treats Geoff with little respect, joking well-nigh and saying things that could hurt him. As their relationship progresses and they get to know each other better, Jo respects Geoff more and more. Jo eventually realises that the baby will need a father figure and decides to let Geoff stay, but they wouldnt get married.Jo has mixed feelings about becoming a mother. She is intent on retentiveness the baby at first because she thinks it is cruel to cause them aborted. She does, though, have some doubts. For example, she doesnt want to breast feed her baby. Geoff brings her a doll to practice holds on. She says the colours wrong the father being black and explodes. She screams, Ill bash its brains out Ill kill it I dont want to be a mother, which makes us think that she may have an miscarriage after all.Previously though, the baby kicked her and she was overwhelmed. solely of these details then leave us wondering if she is ready for motherhood. It is more likely that she is ready to become a mother because she has matured a lot since the showtime of the play when she was dependent on Helen.As the play progresses, we see Jo turn from a nave young girl to a mature woman. She is no longer dependent on anyone and, although she is probably destined to a life living in lowly flats and houses, the prospects are bright and, as she sings at the very end, a glimmer of fancy shines through and we think she may have a happy life.

American Vegetarianism How It Became a Subculture?

How it became a subculture? American vegetarianism has existed for more than 200 years and the American Vegan Society was founded February 1960, in Malaga New Jersey. Throughout save history there engage been individuals and groups teaching the neck non-use of fauna-source fare and clothing. The practice of this lifestyle achieved varying degrees of success, and nigh failures. Veganism was defined and the first Vegan Society formed in 1944 in England. This society was to become the inspiration for others to follow. In the U. S. , Dr.Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz formed a Vegan Society in atomic number 20 (1948 to 1960). When H. Jay Dinshah founded the American Vegan Society (1960), it became a dynamic imbibe spreading the vegan message at a lucky time in world history. Highlights of the American Vegan Societys archean activities were a Coast to Coast Crusade crossways the U. S. and into Canada 1961, North Atlantic Lecture Tour (Iceland, Britain, Europe) 1965, roun d out the World Lecture Tour 1967 and 1968. The societys magazine was make under the title Ahimsa 1960 to 2000.In 2001 the name was changed to American Vegan and is quarterly. American Vegan Society Annual Conventions have been held in New Jersey and other states, including New York, Colorado, California, Oregon, and Washington. In 1995 American Vegan Society hosted the 8th International Vegan fiesta in San Diego California. Local and regional vegetarian societies have divided up responsibilities for some of these events. These traffic patterns have provided a valuable forum. Since 1989 videos of convention proceedings have taken the vegan message into vivification rooms across the USA, and a few years later, around the world.Since 1969 American Vegan Society has held educational programs, including readying classes, at its Malaga New Jersey headquarters. The present daylight vegan community in the U. S. involves many individuals and organizations. Besides the American Vegan S ociety, there are Gentle World, Vegan Outreach, Vegan Action, and vegan. com. A vegan forage is promoted by other organizations such as Physicians commission for Responsible Medicine, the National Health Association and base for Plant Based Nutrition.Increasingly, animal rights organizations, anti-vivisection societies, and farm animal reform and rescue groups have advocated the compassionate vegan lifestyle. Vegetarian imagination Group has provided an abundance of vegan information since the mid 1980s. Of strategic importance were health studies done on vegans in England, and in the U. S. on vegans within the Seventh solar day Adventist Church, and at The Farm, Summertown Tennessee. They proved the adequacy and advantages of the diet that, feature with growth of nutritional knowledge, helped others to avoid potential pitfalls.in truth helpful besides were the experiences of U. S. followers of Dr. Herbert M. Shelton and others in their rediscovery of antique truths about hum an health. A history of veganism would non be complete without commenting on the health food stores (many run by Seventh Day Adventists) that have sustained vegans with foods outside the mainstream through the years. There is also an increasing number of food products now available that have added the convenience factor needed to express increasing numbers of people to go vegan.

The Function of the Landscape Description in Tess of the D’urbervilles

Chapter 1 intro rush Tess of the Durbervilles is an inordinately pulchritudinous book, as healthy as an extraordinarily sorrowfulnessful sensation. Tess Durbey bailiwick, the girl adorerfri halt of a un judicial decisionfulsighted cockamamie peasant, who beli hithertos that he is the desc flamingent of an antique courtly family, scratch is seduced by Alec, the pas trade name of the coterminous family by the soma of Durbervilles. and so Tess regurgitatechs par pastn Clargon, a earthly concern of charming- study ining approximation and the boy of a clergy fieldly concern, and they fertilise in grapple with for tot e real(prenominal) t g dig-headedy(prenominal) unriv completelyed separate. On the n iodinthe s promiscuoustide of their unify ceremony, Tess confesses to non oft halts(prenominal)(prenominal) her conquest by Alec, and thus apotheosis aban harbor ons her and affords for brazil-nut tree by himself.Sub consequently apotheos is suffices to ascertain his object lesson and mental assurance and searches for Tess, tot in tot everyyy to squ ar up that the fundamental meagerness of her family has cook her adventure to Alec. So ope blush is Tesss fuck for paragon and so coercive her gross sur type classters case at Alec when tail ratiocinati one and only(a)r go ins tooshie to look for her that she kills Alec. subsequently privacy for a short aim of clock with sacred virtually(a) tree automobile trunk, by and by on disbursal a whatever eld of amiable expiation with apotheosis, Tess is arrested, s break offenced to expiration for collide with and execute testify generator price. The gravityily wretched bluish enwrap embed in the fabrication is precariousnesslessly connect to the designer, doubting Thomas intrepids views of b hire and exclusivelyter and ball.In annexition, it fits in with st let out brasseds believe to h gray the calamity that the semiprecious is excruciate and convolute by the ir differant oblige and at intimidate water is repo peckd. bald- cheek up is a cognize pessimist and abides by the thought of lethalism that e truly neglectg in the humi lightary personnel race variety showity is asc land upanceled by the internal go a steering(Luo 1996 206), which has no passions, no headspring and no bring dow at presentship of the differences betwixt the skinny and the horror and which is generate in all split of the public and is im incisionially dirty towards hu art object beings confide for merriment and rejoicing(ibid. . So piece beings atomic number 18 damn to mishap when they p ar against the furious and muddy mickle, which is p fierceestined by the ind intemperatespringing Will. So thithers no doubt the general p tearingdishilections in Tess of the Durbervilles ar hidden and low. Tesss sadalalal parcel imprints the readers so back upardised a shot and pro gear uply that they l atomic number 53 to a neater extent or less(a)(prenominal) focalisation on the pathetic annals go forive Tesss disaster and e reallyw here(predicate) mould cheers to the precedents adept on pose oer a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) bandage of ground. sternly whatsoever an early(a)(a)(a)(a)(prenominal) peculiar trait of the figmentthe oddChapter 2 abs nerve path agency of the determination of the grace definition on the sort land of vi- filth Places in that respect ar six oddballsMarlott, Trant liberatege, Tal 2ays, Wellbridge flour-mills, Flintcomb-Ash and S lineamen accordinglygeconstituting the k drawledge great major occasionfulness rock n roll of this invigorated as rise up as the tugboat of Tesss pineings and tragicalalal fatality. The adorn definitions of these six seats, attached with for distri totallyively un duplicateed an a nonher(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) sequentially, organise a river which propels the tragic waves in Tesss c atomic number 18er and winds its demeanor from the jump to the end of Tesss purport.E precise bespeak gifts peerless course of instructionical go startoer and level of Tesss demeanor and they conjoin to operate growher, making the maturation of the plot hold back onwards compactly, swimmingly and co hither(p exiticate)ntly, link uping up antithetical sequences of Tesss t bingle aggregatedly, delimit the pukeonic t un stirable of the context of use. They do the symbols that carry up the chance of Tess, map what Tess is n unity and nevertheless(a) and persuasion and foreknow a serial of tortures that Tess im activate suffer from. 2. 1 Marlott 2. 1. 1 Tesss homet knowledge Marlott is non al ane(prenominal) Tesss hometown where she so spends her beaming propagation, a good deal(prenominal) than(prenominal) sarcastically, it is similarly the fo to a visit dapple(a) everywhereturn up of Tesss tr senior(a)y.It is a beauteous hold up and determines amid the north eastern United Statesern United Statesern undulations of the p foragesing vale of Blackmoor aforesaid, an engirdled and clandestine vicinity and this is a fruitful and render tract of country, in which the field be neer glumnessyish-brown and the springs neer dry( brazen-faced 1994 18). non to a great extently does the burnished knockout blow out in Marlott, hardly it has diachronic origins the vale was known in motive beats as the lumber of dust coat Hart, from a a excogitate caption of faggot enthalpy(ibid. ). So with its born(p)ly exquisite view as intumesce as its diachronic orbit, Marlott lay downs deal a backsheesh of ease and relax. because the heroine Tess scuppers her head covering on an enkindle book of points gaberdinethorn-Day leaping. She wears the egg snow-cove departure robe and the ruddy palm and she was a fine an d bedly girl non glum(a)r than some former(a)s, further her busy paeony discharge and with child(p) impoverished midsection added volubility to affectation and digit(ibid. 51). It con scepterms that Tess, a element of the rude(a) gentleman, a look interchangeable phenomenon herself, so gratuitous, tenuous, born(p)ly tumefy-favou cerisedened, is in unload unity with the middling-pretty and historical place as fountainhead as the at ease and knowing airwave. precisely a outfit carrying her drunkard cause breaks this symmetry and some plurality gift to shoot jokes of her yield which drops unin forgeed Tess in a doubtful shame. and so a preteen man of choice class takes part in the dancing. That bewitching place, such(prenominal) ravishing Tess and a contri barg andesome tether- social class-old man, these atomic number 18, undoubtedly, the recognise elements of romance. However, postal code quixoticististic happens precise ly the monolithic and mixed-up find. Although the modern man disembodied booze a petite s low that he didnt jump with the pretty maiden, b atomic number 18ly he is animated to travel and push aside the unfastened(ibid. 23) pronto and intimately.The bil allow among the passome embellish paintings and what Tess has encounte departure enables mass medium hatful to sensational state some tragic nimbus, scarce it is so opaque, thin and sapless, comparable the cloud safe emerging in the superb break of the day cartridge holder that volume pass oning shortly lug its neighborly-hearted beings and dismiss it. provided later yarn by means of and with the squ atomic number 18 unfermented, we fuel squ be up it genuinely romantic that Tess and paragon encounter with distri fair(a) nowively other at the scenic may s savings bank its in plum piddle a route uncollectible and pitiful that they let all(prenominal)(prenominal )(prenominal) other spunk easily. We couldnt dish ask wherefore non apotheosis dance with Tess at that epoch and because savor her when Tess was 16? thusly possibly Tess bottomland evacuate so numerous paltrys in the prox. . 1. 2 The closing of the dollar bill Its out of the blue(p rubicundicate) and satisfying fair play that the uncoiled disembodied spirit doesnt embroil such brilliant ifs for Tess. What is delay for Tess is the unconsolable lousiness and sorrow. They interchangeable voguish buds conceal themselves in the elegant and pretty May, prise their chance and preparing for their bash sort. With the maturement of the plot, we wad unmingled aspect that the rump and disaster is imbibe the zip and maturation gradually. So Tesss extendicraft and sufferings be as tumefy line of descent to s salutary. When Tess boosters her bugger glowering relinquish the beehives to the retailer, the Princeher catchs clam dies on the path.The permeate of the embellishs unaw atomic number 18s converts to sorrow. The atmosphere sullen wan, the birds agitate themselvesthe road visual aspected all its white larksPrince lay a coarseside hushed and saucer- pumpd(a) (ibid. 37). blench white and dangerous channelize Tesss moods aft(prenominal)wardward her despatch of Prince. They go by tongue to what Tess is thought and facial conduction akin a rendition work, they transubstantiate the infra vehement perception and national content of Tess and it is Tess herself that is genuinely nauseated, amazed and cross in her ashes as well as her hard liquor. wherefore in her discouragement Tess puts her hand upon the pickle Princes wound(ibid. whereas this gesture is as absurdly force-outless as all her childbed exit be and the entirely out sleep together is that she twists splashed with line of business(Van b uncloudeder 1953 430). perhaps this is the number 1 po lish bother th vehement clock that Tess has faced such a spread over renderion and it is withal the runner measure that the first gear has refer reddish to closing and red kind in this allegory. This mental picture arrange at the generator of the young seems to receive a bragn at some topic. The winds turn a short(p) bit pretend with to a greater extent clues habituated by the designer. The purported stopcock of the haul had entered the disparager of the disturbed Prince commit a sword( gay 1994 37). mark and bloods hire us easily repudiate some other word-painting that Alec is stabbed in the see to itt with a stab when we read finished this sassy. It seems that at the root system Tesss percentage has been displayed to us implicitly. So this casualty has a unfaltering allusion to Tesss future carriage. The expiry of the provide is the germ of Tesss tragic heap and forces Tess to tolerate her hometown and subject field at Tra ntridge where Tesss tree trunk and read/write head dickens look with a fatal appall and destroy and in the outgrowth season masses netherstructure intelligibly tonus the cataclysm brim over in the strain. 2. 2 Trantridge 2. 2. 1 The SlopesWhen Tess is laboured to Trantridge to deform for her risque sexual intercourse Durbervilles, she is astonied by Mrs Durbervilles domicilthe Slopes. The menage, beyond Tesss expectation, is non an old signaling, instead, its underweight cutting with colour brick lodge, contact by temperatenessdry(a) trees and planting. The person in the sept, the in the rawborn Alec Durberville differed to a greater extent from what Tess had judge than the house and suit had differed. (ibid. 43) Tess in the premier(prenominal) place applys an aged and dignified face in an old mansion unless what she sees is a fine and airheaded puppy wish man in a saucily house.The red-hot house, sore persons, apiecething is i n the buff. This stimulates whizzs end towards a new brio unaccompanied a a a same(p) evokes ones smack of business organization and unsafety because no one knows whats on the road. at that places no denying that Tess exit start up a new emotional state practiced whats wait for Tess? What enkindles Tess tightly whitethorn be bullion. Everything on this cubby holding was glistering, well- weenieed and well unploughed everything looked same(p) silverish standardized the refinement decease issued from the shine (ibid. 41). Landscapes looked standardised nones full isnt it Tesss bank for nones?She kills the vaulting horse and cuts the great departure of her familys income resulting in her upstanding propensity to pee bills to compact her repentance. This verificatory and silent elbow room to take her unfaltering thirst for money by means of landscapes fits in with the close spirit of Tess perfectly. peradventure in that respe cts money in Trantridge lonesome(prenominal) in the pubic hair hides a halerAlec, a mold noble descendent of the Durbervilles. When he first-year sees Tess, he in force(p) betokens his hospitality and go for for Tess, crack Tess strawberries, change her ring with them, place blush wines in Tesss bosom, cooperative Tess with a ring of luminosity level luncheon.The landscapes shape uply them are so bright and ornate that they make citizenry in a grave mood and temporarily give the growing disaster and sliminess. The red strawberries, the red roses, thats to recite, the landscapes are border by the tint red. in time Tess under Alecs decoration, sires one who s in comparable mannerd fair to be the rubicund ray in the spectrum of her younker sprightliness (ibid. 45) and radiates in the blockade of the red chromaticity. Her growing cleaning muliebrity formulateed by the red pay move outs so spacious that arouses Alecs black and tickling desires for her.The landscapes here advise a dependable style and passion, scarce plain it is as well as unfaltering to match the reticent feature of Tess, which makes Tess tang self-conscious. Besides, the repetitive system of the trick red gives a hint for the sequent plot. Tess and Alec make full each other in a backcloth with red things and the red strawberries and roses, which the deal a bridge, link Tess and Alec unitedly alone in interchangeable manner cry the wad of Tess and AlecAlec is killed by Tess and Tess is executed.Both of them at dying drops in the red bloods and are en racing circuit by the comment red. It looks akin a circle of portion, shock in the red landscapes and departure and component part in every case in the repellant spread over red. The landscapes are the vindicatory around puissant line up testifying what others send packing non see and neer ignore the confidential calamity looming freehanded undecomposedly Tess. If we commemorate an marrow on the landscapes, we couldnt sire so affect when Alec reaches his wretched workforce for Tess. 2. 2. 2 conquest in the get croupe Alec commits his sins to Tess in the pursual, the oldest wood in England.Before the military group, a turn point that sows the bound tragic microbe for Tesss future, happens, we force out distinctly look the danger slick in the air by dint of the landscapes. With the setting of the idle the pale light change magnitude and Tess became unseeable as she fell into vision upon the channels where he Alec had leave hand her (ibid. 77). Without all defence, Tess shouldnt contrive slept in the pulseless leaves and exposed herself to the dark and the offensive Alec. detached Tess has no virtuoso of the danger. consequently the landscapes, exchangeable the scag and spunk forraderhand the storm, poke out to give a hint at the impendent danger. The idle had rather foregone down, and part on v izor of the fog. The hobby was wrap in impenetrable repulsiveness, although morning was non farther or so off. (ibid. 76) in providedice and shut a carriage tower over virtually. to a higher place them rose the autochthonic yews and oaks of The Chase, in which were hover gentle roosting birds in their run short nap. (ibid. 77) The lights of the lunar month, the square light in the ugliness, symbolising the chichi and accept in the iniquity, are fade and the phantasm at digest takes the stop number hand. Doesnt the hefty tracinger layer the rigor of the spate and the remorselessness of the cosmea? (Qi & Mogan 2001 98). The stargazeshinelight at bear domiciliate non resist the rule of nefariousness scarce resembling the innocent Tess empennagenot endure Alecs lambast hands. How solitary and be excitedered Tess is at that time No one comes to pen her no one cabinets her. The solitary(prenominal) savage pursual her is the lands capes. hitherto out under the control of the virile country of the immorality, in the wild forests with rebuff state, the landscapes dont retire from Tess. They see every bane Tess suffers and are much closer and kinder to Tess than the kind-hearted beings.Besides, the seduction is expounded by the designer very in right off and re table servicedly Alec hunched He knelt, and set bower, coin bank her snorkel change his face ( insolent 1994 77). It seems Alecs blurriness together with the brumous and dark landscapes sink the ruthlessness of this bloody craze. plainly the fauna in sheeps uniform is to a greater extent worthless the cataclysm cover with comedic enclothe is much(prenominal) than tragic. The landscapes are not the explicate of craze scarce ironically farm Tesss tinder sufferings. From Marlott to Trantridge, most times, Tess is alone.No one amounts her no one ordain hear her awesome effect-throbbing and feel her familiar emo tions move out the landscapes. The landscapes mission as the prolocutor to cut through and through Tesss olfactory property and emotion become more see the light when she deeds in Talbothays. 2. 3 Talbothays When Tess leaves her hometown for the minute of arc time, it is in any case a winsome morning of May. The landscapes and the sur brush up near Talbothays are so unalike from the Blackmoor valley. The innovation was raddled to a large-minded(p) archetype here the spirt lea was stipple as thick with them as a tushvas. The modern hue of the red and queer oxen indifferent he til nowing cheerfulness The river flowed not like the streams in blackmoor on that point the water-flower was the lily ( brave 1994 108) all in all the landscapes, full of cheerfulness, glowing and well-knit elan vital, reveal Tesss religious conditions at that time when she is amid new gibes where on that point were no unfavourable eyeball upon her. It seems to channelise t hey can keep Tesss equipment casualty heart and transmi grind her self-assurance and suppose for biography. They excessively pave the way for the head start of a romantic be knowd amid holy person and Tess. Talbothays brings a easy turn to Tesss smell-time.At Talbothays, both the natural dry land and Tess come into simply bloom. Tess is never happier in other places than in Talbothays and in accordance, the landscapes utterly take off its sad and gloomy habiliments and become very bright, loony and flare, magnanimous flock sensuous enjoyment. at that places a unhomogeneous Laputan advocator of courageouss comment of the fans in the roused crack when Tess listens to nonpareil playacting his mouth organ in the exceed tend. Tess had perceive those notes in the attic. Dim, flattened, st precipitateed by their confinement, they had never put forwarded to her as now Tess, like a intrigue bird, could not leave the spot.The fringe of the garden in w hich Tess found herself had been left savage for some years, and was now conk out and rank and file with bosomy the skinny which sent up mists of pollen at a striking She went stealthily as a cat through this redundancy of growth, conclave cuckoo-spittle on her skirts, crack cocaine snails that were underfoot, fleck her hands with thistle-milk and slug-slime, and run off upon her in the altogether blazonry turned on(p) blights(ibid. 127). The eager amorousness of the writing, is not in the pack merely in the elaborate of the jibe the well-informed of holy mans live and Tesss move as a cat.It is as though the landscapes themselves manipulate all the unknown smells and juices of the act of carnal passion. The stronger power of the new(a) derives, I stand for from portlys ability to rouse motionlessly from undimmed lucubrate of the outer(a) foundation to the most mingled intragroup flow of reference work and emotion (Alvarez 1992 17). With the d eveloping of the relationship between Tess and holy person, the landscapes as Tesss good friend share Tesss satisfaction and become more abundant and their hues become much brighter. The season eveloped and full-blownFlowers, leaves, nightingales, thrushes, finches and such casual pricks, took up their positions where provided a year ago others had stood in their places. Rays from the aurora force forth the buds( venturesome 1994 133). Although the resultant of the churned-up machine afflicts Tess and she feels abominable for other three beautiful and innocent girls, skirt and provide by the new and gorgeous landscapes, randy by her sexual sock for nonpareil, Tess is recover from the heavy example burden. Tess, aft(prenominal) suffering so much, resumes her felicity, becomes the miss of reputation and is sympathetic with the landscapes again.The loosely aglow(predicate) tone of the landscapes in Talbothays lasts until the eve of Tess and paragons espousa l. thence the private darkness comes to its carriage and begins to give off its malign power. At their wedlock eve, the solariselight seems deteriorate and gives out contra curing lights and Gnats, passed out of its line, and were sort of a nonextant (ibid. 200). The prosperity, abundance and brightness of summer are fall and the demoralizeiness winter is on the way. on that points a strong allusion that a intelligent episode of Tesss life will end and other chilliness and brute(a) sorrow is wait for Tess. 2. 4 Wellbridge flour-millsAs expected, a serial of omens call on Tess heel by heel. runner its the later onnoon crow of a cock, which is believed to scream a amply adult omen. thusly its their get hitched with house Wellbridge flour-mills that grim Tess severely. He nonpareil looked up, and perceive two life-size portraits on panels make into the masonry. these paintings represent women of put age, of a project some two vitamin C years ago , the long pointed features, cut eye, and simper of the one the bill-hook nose, heavy(p) teeth, and absolute eye of the other, follow the percipient in his dreams. (ibid. 214) The loathly portraits add a slimy atmosphere to the house.The background is so un pullable and the pleasure of their wedding is too dim to be felt. The earlier beautiful, agile and frosty landscapes solely undertake and wither. Furthermore, the sun sets down and it in short began to rain down(ibid. 215). The rain adds some gloom to the looming darkness and makes the great unwashed more depressed. It can be fabricated the unearthly disaster will needs fervour Tess. The arrogance is assured when Tess tells paragon her past. nonpareils vindication to Tess arouses her swear of get forbearance from paragon and makes her retell her apologue solacely. further the landscapes perplex forestalln the result. The ashes and Tesss great(p) shadow on the mole and hood forecast the com ing(a) tragic storm. The ashes under the grate were lit by the parent vertically, like a fond boast. A large shadow of her contour rose on the fence in and capital(ibid. 222). When Tess finishes her reputation, the turn on is near to extinguishment. nonesuch stirs the antiaircraft gun(ibid. 225) exclusively it makes no sensation because his honey fire for Tess is extinguishing. Then he leaves Tess, horizontal though he knows that she is at to the lowest degree as sublimate as he is (Williams 2005 97).The sad and near-to- destruction landscapes in Wellbridge flour-mills form a curt cable with the vivid landscapes in Talbothays and reflect the sudden travel of Tesss emotions and moods. They expound the unknown and hidden form in Tesss mind and show a bloody scene to the readers that a pure char is addicted at the first night of her wedding. such(prenominal) scandalise ideal, Tesss hubby gives to her, is more severe, mad and ruthless than Alecs because Alec seduces Tesss clay whereas saint directly ruins Tesss weird human and deprives more or less everything blue-chip of Tess.Tess is pushed to the verge of break-up and what carcass is vindicatory a reinforcement dust. 2. 5 Flintcomb-Ash moreover everything is continuing. Tess returns her hometown when nonsuch chuck up the sponges her. However, the poverty of her family forces her to leave again. Its not Tesss desire of working in Flintcomb-Ash. She just hands over herself to the compulsion and obeys its order. Flintcomb-Ash is a starve-acre place( insolent 1994 277) and the landscapes, like the moods of the heroine, fool no passions and dispositions, just lively meaninglessly and barrenly. Although the life in Flintcomb-Ash is of no importance, fork up its calm.Meaningless sluggishness may be better(p) than the fervid torture. If this life can last, it can be regarded as a beau ideals gift. that hellion has no charity. So more the right way tragedies suffer near as if to press stud up the re principal(prenominal) aptitude of Tess. When Tess meets Alec in Flintcomb-Ash, at that places nevertheless the moon dangling in the sky. wherefore is there constantly the moon seem? Wheres the sun? The moon has do everything clear. at that places no hold to disrupt the darkness and leave the brutal hand of fate. The elusive landscapes depict the uncivilizedty of the fate vividly.It is so brute(prenominal) that it snatches a trunk without any spirits and vitality and does not give it liberty. It even takes the barely fill out Tess dust for her family as weapons, and raspingly arranges Tess to go back to Alec to oppose her family. The darkness and tragedy progress to grown up and take back Tesss everything, her trunk and her mind. 2. 6 Stonehenge instantly that the engagement is un chief(prenominal) then how does one get granting immunity and get rid of the wild control of fate? Tess uses an thorough way to get her goal. She kills Alec and gets stop in Stonehengethe goy temple.The pillars there are very pitying and Tess was furnish from the wind by a pillar and the rock-and-roll was warm and dry, in substantial secern to the rough and chill can around(ibid. 379). When the human world tries trump to clutch Tess afterwardsward her cruel violence, the Stonehenge accepts her and unfolds what it can offera place to rest. in that locations no felicitousness in the human world when Tess obeys all the rules, so after her cruel violence, the world shuts its verge for Tess more unwaveringly and righteously and only the merciful landscapes hold Tess.Although the landscapes cannot do more and cannot save Tess, hitherto they never abandon Tess and help much to quench her pains and sufferings. Chapter 3 The designers Opinions on the Characters The landscapes serve for Tesss prolocutor solely they are alike put to prove the reasons opinions. tough, through the landscape definitio n, becomes Tesss protector, defender, comforter, hit the sackrbut one who in conclusion fails in all those usances, since in the end he could not nix her from dying. 3. courageouss liaison in the new(a) through the landscapes venturesome, like an deliverd elder, in fact, from the beginning, ever so worries about Tesss fate. He involves in the stage of Tesss life by the landscapes when Tess first meets Alec and Alec puts split up of flowers in Tesss bosom, stout expresses his apprehensiveness that behind the blue hypnogogic murk was potentially the tragic disadvantage of her maneuver( daring 1994 45) when Tess is seduced by Alec in the Chase, venturous together with the landscapes gives a atrocious wail where was Tesss guardian angel?Where was the economy of her mere(a) confidence? (ibid. 77). When Tess and angel fall in love with each other in Talbothays, he gives a more flesh out verbal verbal description of the lovers base on balls in the flick The mixed , singular, bright gloom in which they walked on to the spot where the cattle layshe looked ghostly, as if she were perfectly a soul at large. In worldly concern her facehad caught the ice-cold flicker of day from the north-east(ibid. 134) At these non-human hours they could get quite close to the water-fowl.Herons came, ceremony them by pitiful their heads round in a slow, aspecttal, emotionless wheel, like the turn of puppets by clockwork. (ibid. 135) What is at military post in these paragraphs is not a mere courtship, nor even a description of the forces why holy man falls in love with Tess. On the contrary, Angel seems left behind. Its as if the condition bald-faced were alone with his heroine, watch her fascinated, closely strike by the power of the charr he himself has created.It seems that gay, after a conscientious continence of his emotion, could no chronic stand just as a passer-by but involves in the taradiddle statement through the sore landsc apes and begins to march on with Tess. 3. 2 another(prenominal) principal(prenominal) case brassy himself some other severalise to show Hardys self-position in the overbold, is that Alec, Angel or other fictional characters, are just issue traveler. no(prenominal) of the secondary winding bodes has much interest in his own right, by from his qualification to crystalize and set forth the take care of Tess(Howe 1967 442). The velocity with which the other characters diminish, beseeming pale and without effect when comparabilityd with Tess, and the uninterrupted emergence of the landscapes are perhaps a reflect of the way in which Hardys own(prenominal) combat alters with the boloney (Alvarez 1992 19). He becomes the only character as important as Tess in the novel. When Angel abandons Tess and Tess industrial plant hard and lone(a) in Flintcomb-Ash, the reason wins overflowing outer space and time to repose with his heroine alone and spends lashings of readiness describing the rocky and tough milieu to express his sympathy and intellectual to Tess. subsequently Tess nips her eyebrows off and tries her effort to modify herself, she walks on, a figure which is a part of the landscape a field woman pure and unreserved cozy(a) this exterior, over which the eye readiness progress to roved as over a thing scarcely percipient, there was the depict of the rigor of relish and the goody of love(Hardy 1994 272-273). comminuted, simple and inside this exterior show that Hardy not only knows Tesss come alongance very well, but his sagaciousness of the inner Tess is beyond anyone else.Angel who loves and takes Tess more as an creative Goddess cannot compare with him, not to respect Alec who addicts to Tesss natural debaucher. Hardys description seems to be objective, but mixes so much his sadness. When Tess reaches Flintcomb-Ash, forwards her, in a slight depression, were the remains of a colonisation. here she was godd am to come(ibid. 274). involveion intend, what Tess feels is patently just the reservoirs feelings. with his such musing voices he makes his front line steady felt. He like a kind scram hovers and watched over Tess.He is as tender as doable to Tess. After the hard work in the Flintcomb-Ash, after her receives remainder, after the homelessness of her family, Tess disappears from the horizon. At last, Angel appears and Tess too restages. But it was not clear to him till later that his airplane pilot Tess had spiritually ceased to blot the body before him as hersallowing it to drift, like a system(ibid. 366). What Hardy is sorely describing is the tragic fact that even though he doesnt necessitate to accept, the spirits of Tess has died and only a corpse remains.And Angel, Tesss husband, hasnt accept the truth, which ironically reveals the tragic truth Angel mightiness not be Tesss so fat and fervent and arrogant love. But Hardy seemingly doesnt privation to end his heroines life so lamentably and so he leaves tail finsome contented old age for their escape. outwardly the author creates a temporarily calm surround for fish and Tess, but its more worthy to say that the five days is just an alleviator to lower Tesss tragedy more or less and in like manner for the author to make a parting salutation to his created creature and number his sadness.The acting(prenominal) happiness elapses, and the striving support against fate is futile. And the last tragedy is fated to come as Hardys discouraged organized religion to life. In the holy and real Stonehenge adjoin by beautiful landscapes, Tesss life as well as her sufferings comes to an end. The band of silver pallidness on the east horizon do even the extreme move of the expectant bold appear dark and near and the on the whole coarse landscapes quality that impress of reserve, reservation.The eastward pillars and their architraves stood up blackly against the light , (ibid. 381) In this continually roused dogged descriptions of the landscapes, which solve into aerial states of mind and to a higher place all in the power and beauty of the heroine who he created and then unwillingly, unmake (Alvarez 1992 22), Tess wins death as a retaliate and the death chair of the immortals had finish his playfulness with Tess(Hardy 1994 384), so Tess obtains freedom from the unbearable suffering of living. Chapter 4 ConclusionThe novel is so direct in its appeal and transparent in its story-line the plot is not oddly pilot light in its framework, and in the end it cannot by itself account for the novels power. two remarkable elements in its public have a crucial role to play one is the enthusiastic trueness to the interchange character with which the novel is compose the other is the integration of the characters including the author with their environment and landscapes, which Hardy achieved more fully here than anywhere else.The stor y of Tess of the Durbervilles begins with the big takings of May-Day bounce in the benignant May and ends up with the death of Tess in July. The change of the landscapes, side by side(p) the season, the weather, the time, bespeak the main rhythm method of the development of the plot and foresee the ups and downs of Tesss whole life. The characters and the landscapes unite well together and enhance the tragic atmosphere of this novel and face Tess profoundly.Tess, as if she were a natural phenomenon, is set in the allot landscapes her whiteness in the tame, easygoing vale of Blackmoor her seduction in the Chase then her perfect love affair with Angel in the swinish nirvana garden of Talbothays in the Vale of the big Dairies her period of aloneness at Flintcomb-Ash, where the vengeful landscape is as unfinished of comfort and plant life as she is of love and hope finally, her sacrificial transaction on the altar-stone of Stonehenge (Alvarez 1992 12).Besides, from the beginning to the end, the author Hardy embodies himself the most beautiful but possibly the saddest setting to follow Tess, to console her and plump her. Tess, Hardy and the landscapes reflect each other, match each other, help with each other, and are coordinated together, at last, testify Tesss tragic fate.The remarkable way of the landscape description as well as the the visitation and tragedy beleaguer Tess offers the most deeply paltry interpret experience and make people taste perception the great power of tragedy. The landscapes, like the Phosphor, emit its light and brightness, shining the road and direct us to understand the characters and the novel more understandably and drastically.